資本論 CHAPTER 25: THE GENERAL LAW OF CAPITALIST ACCUMULATION008

125Between

1851

and

1874,

the

total

number

of

emigrants

amounted

to

2,325,922.

126According

to

a

table

in

Murphy's

\"Ireland

Industrial,Political

and

Social,\"

1870,

94.6

per

cent.

of

the

holdings

do

not

reach

100

acres,

5.4

exceed

100

acres.

127\"Reports

from

the

Poor

Law

Inspectors

on

the

Wages

of

Agricultural

Labourers

in

Dublin,\"

1870.

See

also

\"Agricultural

labourers

(Ireland).

Return,

etc.\"

8

March,

1861,

London,1862.

128l.

c.,

pp.

29,

1.

129l.

c.,

p.

12.

130l.

c.,

p.

12.

131l.

c.,

p.

25.

132l.

c.,

p.

27.

133l.

c.,

p.

25

134l.

c.,

p.

1.

135l.

c.,

pp.

31,

32.

136l.

c.,

p.

25.

137l.

c.,

p.

30.

138l.

c.,

pp.

21,

13.

139\"Rept.

of

Insp.

of

Fact.,

31st

Oct.,

1866,\"

p.

96.

140The

total

area

includes

also

peat,

bogs,

and

waste

land.

141How

the

famine

and

its

consequences

have

been

deliberately

made

the

most

of,

both

by

the

individual

landlords

and

by

the

English

legislature,

to

forcibly

carry

out

the

agricultural

revolution

and

to

thin

the

population

of

Ireland

down

to

the

proportion

satisfactory

to

the

landlords,

I

shall

show

more

fully

in

Vol.

III.

of

this

work,

in

the

section

on

landed

property.

There

also

I

return

to

the

condition

of

the

small

farmers

and

the

agricultural

labourers.

At

present,

only

one

quotation.

Nassau

W.

Senior

says,

with

other

things,

in

his

posthumous

work,

\"Journals,

Conversations

and

Essays

relating

to

Ireland.\"

2

vols.

London,

1868;

Vol.

II.,

p.

282.

\"Well,\"

said

Dr.

G.,

\"we

have

got

our

Poor

Law

and

it

is

a

great

instrument

for

giving

the

victory

to

the

landlords.

Another,

and

a

still

more

powerful

instrument

is

emigration....

No

friend

to

Ireland

can

wish

the

war

to

be

prolonged

[between

the

landlords

and

the

small

Celtic

farmers]

—

still

less,

that

it

should

end

by

the

victory

of

the

tenants.

The

sooner

it

is

over

—

the

sooner

Ireland

becomes

a

grazing

country,

with

the

comparatively

thin

population

which

a

grazing

country

requires,

the

better

for

all

classes.\"

The

English

Corn

Laws

of

1815

secured

Ireland

the

monopoly

of

the

free

importation

of

corn

into

Great

Britain.They

favoured

artificially,

therefore,

the

cultivation

of

corn.With

the

abolition

of

the

Corn

Laws

in

1846,

this

monopoly

was

suddenly

removed.

Apart

from

all

other

circumstances,this

event

alone

was

sufficient

to

give

a

great

impulse

to

the

turning

of

Irish

arable

into

pasture

land,

to

the

concentration

of

farms,

and

to

the

eviction

of

small

cultivators.

After

the

fruitfulness

of

the

Irish

soil

had

been

praised

from

1815

to

1846,

and

proclaimed

loudly

as

by

Nature

herself

destined

for

the

cultivation

of

wheat,

English

agronomists,

economists,politicians,

discover

suddenly

that

it

is

good

for

nothing

but

to

produce

forage.

M.

Léonce

de

Lavergne

has

hastened

to

repeat

this

on

the

other

side

of

the

Channel.

It

takes

a

\"serious\"

man,

à

la

Lavergne,

to

be

caught

by

such

childishness.