{
\"code\": 200,
\"title\": \"\",
\"content\": \"被動語態是動詞的一種特殊形式,表示句子中的主語是動作的承受者,漢語往往用“被”、“受”、“給”等詞來表示被動意義。《大學英語自學教程》係統講解了被動語態的構成、基本句型以及用法,考生們在學習這一語法現象時,還應注意以下幾個方麵,以免在實際運用中出現差錯。\\n\\n一、主動形式表示被動意義\\n\\n英語的被動意義除了用及物動詞的被動語態形式表示外,還可以用其他方法來表示,就像在漢語中並非一定要用“被”字來表示的被動意義一樣。\\n\\n1、用某些不及物動詞表示被動意義,如carry,cut,drive,iron,keep,lock,open,pick,read,sell,shut,tear,wash,wear,write等等。這類動詞既能作及物動詞,也能作不及物動詞。作不及物動詞時,形式上雖為主動,卻表示被動意義。例如:\\n\\nMeat cuts easily.肉容易切。\\n\\nHis novel sells well.他的小說暢銷。\\n\\nThe car drove easily.這車很容易開。\\n\\nYour pen writes quite smoothly.你的筆寫起來很滑。\\n\\n在上述句子中,主語通常指物,起動作承受者的作用,也可以說是不及物動詞的邏輯賓語。但是有時也有用人稱主語的。例如:\\n\\nThe girl does not photograph well.這女孩不上像。比較:The girl has not been photographed well.這女孩的照片冇拍好。\\n\\n2、某些感覺動詞的主動態表示被動意義。例如:\\n\\nThis shirt feels much softer than that one.這件襯衫比那件襯衫摸起來柔軟得多。 That book smells old.那本書有一股黴味。\\n\\nThese oranges taste nice.這些橙子味道很好。\\n\\n以上這些動詞都不能用進行時表示。若用進行時,則表示主動含義。比較:The child is smelling the paint.小孩正在聞油漆的氣味。\\n\\n3、有少數動詞(bind,cook,do,owe,print)的進行時有時有被動意義。在這種用法中,句子的主語都應該是指物的。例如:\\n\\nThe magazine is binding(printing).這本雜誌正在裝訂(印刷)。\\n\\nHe paid all that was owing.欠的錢他都還了。\\n\\nThe meat is cooking.正在火敦肉。\\n\\n4、動詞get,come,go之後接過去分詞,表示被動意義。get的這種用法侷限於口語和非正式的書麵語言,更強調動作的結果而非動作本身,並常用來表示突發性的、出乎意料的偶然事件。而come和go常接含否定意義的過去分詞。例如:\\n\\nAfter working selflessly in here for several years,Mr Li got promoted at last.李先生在此地無私地乾了好幾年,終於得到提升。\\n\\nThey got delayed because of the holiday traffic.由於節日交通阻塞,他們被耽誤了。 The buttons on my coat came undone.我上衣的釦子鬆開了。\\n\\nThe woman's complaints went unnoticed.那位女士的投訴無人理睬。 5、在need(want,require,deserve,etc.)doing句型中,動名詞(doing)相當於動詞不定式的被動式(to be done),在意思上冇有多大差彆。例如:\\n\\nThe garden needs watering.The garden needs to be watered.花園需要澆水。 The problem requires studying with great care.The problem requires to be studied with great care.這個問題需要仔細研究。\\n\\nThese jobs want doing at once.These jobs want to be done at once.這些工作需要馬上就做。\\n\\n用法相似的結構還有bear doing,stand doing,be worth doing,習慣不用動詞不定式。如: That won't bear thinking of.那是不堪想像的。\\n\\nThe little girl can't stand criticizing.小女孩經不起批評。\\n\\nThe food is not worth eating.這種飯菜不值一吃。\\n\\nIt's well worth making the effort to learn how to do it.很值得花一番功夫去學會怎麼做這事。\\n\\n值得注意的是,在be worth doing句型中,隻能用動名詞的主動式,而在be worthy to be done中,才能用動詞不定式的被動式,兩者不可混淆。 6、在某些性質形容詞+動詞不定式的句型中,其動詞不定式的主動形式表示被動意義。例如:\\n\\nThe question is easy to answer.這問題容易回答。\\n\\nThat book is difficult to understand.那本書難懂。\\n\\n在這種句型結構中,動詞不定式和主語的關係實際上是一種邏輯上的動賓關係,可以說是動詞不定式作主語變換來的,相當於It's easy to answer the question.和It's difficult to understand that book.由於把動詞賓語放在主語位置,所以和不定式的關係構成一種被動關係。\\n\\n7、有些動詞不定式不論用主動形式還是被動形式,動詞不定式和主語的關係都是被動的。例如:\\n\\nNobody was to blame (to be blamed) for the accident.這個事故,誰也不能責怪。 The house is to let (to be let).這房子出租。\\n\\nThere are a lot of books to read (to be read).有許多書要讀。 Those cars are to rent (to be rented).那些汽車出租。\\n\\n8、以-able或-ible結尾的形容詞可表示被動意義。例如: These tickets are available for one month.These tickets are capable of being used for one month.這些票可用一個月。\\n\\nIt's a credible explanation.The explanation can be trusted.這是一種可信的解釋。 The fish was hardly eatable.The fish could hardly be eaten.這魚幾乎不能吃。 9、有些介詞短語用作表語或定語時,可以表示被動意義。例如:\\n\\nThe thief is under arrest.The thief has been arrested.小偷已被捕。\\n\\nApples are on sale.Apples are being sold.蘋果在出售。\\n\\nThe phenomenon under study is very interesting.The phenomenon which is being studied is very interesting.正在研究的現象十分有趣。\\n\\n10、在冠詞the和a (an)後麵隻能用動名詞的主動形式,這種名詞化的動名詞有時表示被動意義。例如:\\n\\nThe boy took a beating.那男孩捱了打。\\n\\nIt was spoilt in the making.這東西在製作過程中被損壞了。\\n\\n11、在某些名詞詞組中,表示動作的名詞無疑具有動作的含義,往往可以表現被動意義,而這種被動意義與英語的被動結構無任何語法上的聯絡。例如:\\n\\nAfter his release from prison,he returned home.他從監獄被釋放出來以後回到了家。 His family lived on government aid for three years.他一家靠政府救濟生活三年了。\\n\\n二、語態轉換和某些動詞的關係\\n\\n1、一般以為凡及物動詞都有相應的被動句,其實不然,當“主 動 賓”結構的謂語動詞是表示狀態或特征的及物動詞,如contain,cost,fit,have,lack,resemble,suit等,主動句便冇有相應的被動句:\\n\\nLinda resembles her mother.琳達象她母親。\\n\\nThis red coat becomes her.這件紅上衣合她的身。\\n\\nThe auditorium holds 2000 people.大禮堂能容納兩千人。\\n\\nMy shoes don't fit me.我的鞋不合腳。\\n\\nJack always lacks confidence.傑克總是缺乏信心。\\n\\n但是,狀態動詞know有相應的被動態:Experts have been known to make this mistake.大家知道,專家也會犯這種錯誤。 有時,有些不能用於被動語態的狀態動詞,在同一意義上,如果不用by-詞組,可以有被動句。如:All my things are held in this box.這隻箱子裡裝著我所有的東西。\\n\\n2、某些被動句冇有相應的主動句。例如:\\n\\nShe was born in Nanjing.她生於南京。\\n\\nHe was said to be an honest man.據說他是個老實人。\\n\\nThey will be married next month.他們將於下月結婚。\\n\\nMary said that she was not obliged to work overtime.瑪麗說她並不是非加班不可。\\n\\n3、當“主 動 賓”結構的賓語為反身代詞或相互代詞時,通常不能轉換為被動句。例如: The doctor dedicated herself to finding a cure.這位醫生為尋求一種治療方法奉獻了她的一生。\\n\\nDid he hurt himself when he fell?他跌倒時有冇有摔傷了自己?\\n\\nWe could hardly see each other in the fog.在霧中我們彼此幾乎看不見。\\n\\nThey told each other about their families.他們互相向對方講述了各自的家庭情況。\\n\\n4、用於被動語態的have。 動詞have作為“有”的意思時,是狀態動詞,冇有相應的被動態。但是在下列情況中,have有被動語態。\\n\\na、作為“被買到(得到)”、“被找到”意思時:\\n\\nWe tried to get a copy of her book,but there was none to be had(to be bought).我們想弄到一本她的書,但就是買不到。\\n\\nThat is about the only work to be had(=to be found) at this time of the year.那大概就是今年此時唯一能找到的工作了。\\n\\nb、作為“欺(哄)騙”意思時,口語中常用被動態:\\n\\nI'm afraid you've been had.恐怕你上當了。\\n\\nHe's not the first person that's been had in that way.他並非第一個這樣上當受騙的人。\\n\\nc、作“被賄賂”意思時: The man was had (=was bribed) into giving them the documents.這人被賄賂,給他們提供了檔案。\\n\\nd、與某些介詞或副詞構成短語動詞時,相當於一個及物動詞:\\n\\nI've been had on (=have been fooled) too often to take his stories seriously.我時常上他的當,不再把他的話當真了。\\n\\nThe young man was had up (=was taken to court)for dangerous driving.這年青人因危險駕車被法庭傳訊。\\n\\n5、有些原來不及物的動詞,如果作使役動詞來用,那麼有被動語態,較常見的有fly,run,stand,walk等。例如:\\n\\nMany cars have been flown to Europe.許多汽車已被空運到歐洲去了。\\n\\nThis bottle must not be stood close to the fire.這隻瓶不得放在近火處。\\n\\nHorses should be walked for some time after a race.賽馬後,得溜一會兒馬。\\n\\n三、被動語態結構與SVC(動詞-ed形式作表語)結構的區彆\\n\\n被動語態表示動作,句子主語為動作的對象,SVC結構表示主語的特點或所處的狀態,其中的過去分詞相當於形容詞,be隻有一般時態和完成時態。被動結構的時態一般要與相應的主動結構一致。下麵把這兩種結構作一比較:\\n\\n1、The library is usually closed at 6.圖書館通常六點關門。(被動語態)\\n\\nThe library is now closed.圖書館關門了。(SVC結構)\\n\\n2、The bridge was completed in 1968.橋是1968年建成的。(被動語態)\\n\\nThe bridge is completed.橋已修好。(SVC結構)\\n\\n3、The glass was broken by my sister.玻璃杯是我妹妹打破的。(被動語態)\\n\\nThe glass is broken.玻璃杯破了。(SVC結構)\\n\\n為了便於考生們的理解,我們再舉幾個SVC結構的例句:\\n\\nThe gun is loaded.槍裝上子彈了。\\n\\nYour composition is well written.你的作文寫得很好。\\n\\nThe door is locked.門鎖著。\\n\\nHe was injured in the leg.他腿部受了傷。\\n\\n綜上所述,英語被動語態值得注意的問題很多,我們在學習時,不能僅僅依賴於語法分析,還要多注意上下文以及句子的內含意義,這樣才能更好地理解和運用這一語法現象。\\n\\n\"
}